7 Places to Look for Part-time Jobs

7 Places to Look for Part-time Jobs Low maintenance employments are an incredible chance to earnâ income as well as build up a newâ skill set in the event that you don’tâ the time or adaptability to focus on an all day work. Sadly, getting low maintenance line of work isn't as basic as you would might suspect. Consider these seven time tested puts in to glance in request to abstain from winding up among the positions of disappointed low maintenance work searchers. 1. Nearby Staffing AgenciesWhile some setting up offices work just with up-and-comers looking for all day occupations, others have some expertise in adaptable work courses of action and may have broad associations with managers hoping to occupy low maintenance or occasional positions. Contact nearby staffing offices to discover one that meets your needs.2. Ordered Ads-Print and OnlineWhile the times of looking through your neighborhood paper postings with a red pen close by might be reaching a conclusion, the classifieds stay a suitable hotspot for discovering low maintenance work. Online assistance needed publicizing locales likewise contain low maintenance business openings. What's more, don’t disregard locales like Craigslist, which may contain less conventional employments with increasingly adaptable hours.One expression of alert: when utilizing Craigslist and comparative destinations, make certain to take security estimates with regards to giving out close to home data and forgo tolerating interviews at non-open locations.3. Online Job BoardsBecause online employment loads up are accessible, they make it simpler than any time in recent memory to get a new line of work that suits both your range of abilities and time imperatives. Utilizing the site-if channel, limited your hunt to low maintenance employments and see just those that bode well for your schedule.4. Joblessness AgenciesDo you consider joblessness offices as the spots to go when you don’t have an occupation, instead of when you’re searching for one? Reconsider. Planned for helping individuals look for some kind of employment, joblessness organizations keep up databases of current nearby openings. These may incorporate both full-time and low maintenance openings in businesses running from food administration to retail to healthcare.5. Shoot SmallMany littler organizations, including new businesses and â€Å"solopreneurs,† are additionally ready to offer representatives adaptability in the work environment. Why? Since they may not yetâ have the assets or workloadâ to bolster a full-time representative, or may need adequate office space for another all day laborer. Growing your inquiry past corporate into littler and frequently specializedâ organizations, for example, non-benefits, historical centers, libraries, and houses of worship can yield results.6. System, Network, NetworkMany businesses aren’t anxious to sit around idly and assets promoting low maintenance employments. This is the place your syste m comes in. In the event that you let companions both face to face and online-realize that you’re searching for low maintenance work, you’ll likely be wonderfully amazed by what turns up.7. Consider FreelanceA new variety of independent employment sheets, for example, eLance and oDesk-extend to scores of agreement and independent employment opportunities for everybody from programming software engineers to imaginative journalists. On the off chance that you’re searching for low maintenance work that permits you to telecommute, these specialty places of work deliver.While discovering low maintenance business can be a test, steadiness and realizing where to look-will at last result as an occupation that meets your booking needs, yet in addition your novel range of abilities.

Power and Control in Hawk Roosting Essay

Evaluation G In Shakespeare’s play a man called Macbeth murders the ruler to get his capacity. Ted Hughes’s sonnet ‘Hawk Roosting’ is about a bird of prey who thinks he is ground-breaking. Evaluation F In _Macbeth_ Shakespeare expounds on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth who have an arrangement to execute the lord and dominate. â€Å"Hail, King thou shalt be.† Ted Hughes expounds on a falcon and how incredible he is: â€Å"My habits are removing heads.† Evaluation E Shakespeare demonstrates that Lady Macbeth needs to be an amazing character since she needs to slaughter the lord with the goal that Macbeth can turn into the new ruler: ‘You can putt this night’s extraordinary business into my dispatch.† Ted Hughes additionally expounds on power, however from the perspective of a bird of prey. We realize that the bird of prey has a high assessment of itself: ‘I execute where I please on the grounds that it is all mine.’ Evaluation D The subject of intensity/desire is investigated in _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting.’ Shakespeare centers around Lady Macbeth’s relationship with Macbeth. At the point when Lady Macbeth finds out about the witches’ prescience that Macbeth will become ruler, she brings forth an arrangement to get it going. Ted Hughes additionally expounds on desire in light of the fact that the bird of prey in the sonnet needs to be the best: â€Å"Now I hold Creation in my foot.† A contrast between them is that the falcon is exceptionally certain about his own capacity, however Macbeth is tooâ loyal to the lord to have the option to arrive at his aspiration.: â€Å"We will continue no further around here. He hath regarded me of late.† Lady Macbeth is more eager than her better half. Evaluation C Ted Hughes’s sonnet ‘ Hawk Roosting’ shows the world as observed from a hawk’s perspective. The bird of prey appears to be resolved and ground-breaking. Shakespeare additionally presents the subject of intensity and assurance, however the thing that matters is that he presents is with a couple who plot to kill the ruler and take his crown. The bird of prey likewise has considerations of homicide: ‘in rest practice immaculate kills’. The word ‘rehearse’ recommends that the bird of prey appreciates murdering, and practices to make himself impeccable †in any event, when sleeping. This likewise proposes he is pleased with himself. Thus, in _Macbeth_ Lady Macbeth is pleased with her yearning nature: ‘O never/Shall sun that morrow see.’ She has deadly considerations and she will execute the lord that night. Evaluation B _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting’ both appear to be about force and desire. In ‘Hawk Roosting’ the speaker is a bird of prey who depicts his perspective on the world: ‘The earth’s face upward for my inspection.’ This picture proposes how the falcon is exceptionally sure that the world is there to suit his needs. It is as an announcement, which adds to the sentiments of the hawk’s certainty. Woman Macbeth is likewise amazing toward the start of the play. She needs Macbeth to engage the visitors while she gets ready to execute King Duncan. When bring forth the arrangement, she says to her significant other, ‘Leave all the rest to me’. This infers she feels that she is more proficient to carry out the wrongdoing than Macbeth. The crowd will consider her to be increasingly aspiring now. Evaluation A In spite of the fact that _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting’ contrast in structure, there are unmistakable connections that can be drawn between them. The two of them concern power and ambitionâ and how a character’s persona is shaped by their self-conviction, and what they are set up to do to accomplish their points. In the two writings we are given a knowledge into the characters’ deepest contemplations. In ‘Hawk Roosting’, on the grounds that the sonnet is written in the primary individual, as a sensational monolog, we increase an incredible knowledge into the speaker’s certainty. The bird of prey unmistakably depicts how he feels that the world is there for his ‘convenience’. He pompously portrays how the ‘air’s buoyancy’ and ‘sun’s ray’ are ‘of advantage’ to him. So also, Lady Macbeth at first accepts that the crown is her right, and gives her longing for accomplishing it: ‘Take my milk for nerve, you murd’ring ministers.’ The way that she is approaching spirits to invigorate her the to demonstration infers that she will remain determined to accomplish her point. A group of people may see this as a stunning, underhanded and heartlessly eager act. Evaluation A* _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting’ share some shared conviction in that they are worried about the horrendous side of intensity and aspiration. The fundamental characters in the two writings give off an impression of being excessively certain and guaranteed. ‘Hawk Roosting’ is an emotional monolog spoken by a non-human voice, a falcon. We are given a progression of pictures which portray the hawk’s haughtiness and pride. For sure. The bird of prey is overflowing with predominance: ‘It took the entire of Creation/To deliver my foot, my each feather.’ The falcon is apparently boasting and getting a kick out of how wonderful it shows up. This can be straightforwardly contrasted with Lady Macbeth. The manner in which she deprecates her better half, alluding to him as ‘afeard’ and ‘a coward’ uncovers her hardhearted aspiration to become sovereign. She, similar to the bird of prey, feels that she has the right to be ‘great’, and needs her better half to share the force; he calls her ‘My dearest accomplice of greatness.’ Contrasting _MACBETH_ AND _HAWK ROOSTING_ †SAMPLE ANSWERS (THEME = POWER AND AMBITION) 1. Despite the fact that _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting’ contrast in structure, there are unmistakable connections that can be drawn between them. The two of them concern force and desire and how a character’s persona is framed by their self-conviction, and what they are set up to do to accomplish their points. In the two writings we are given an understanding into the characters’ deepest contemplations. In ‘Hawk Roosting’, in light of the fact that the sonnet is written in the main individual, as an emotional monolog, we increase an incredible knowledge into the speaker’s certainty. The bird of prey distinctly depicts how he feels that the world is there for his ‘convenience’. He egotistically portrays how the ‘air’s buoyancy’ and ‘sun’s ray’ are ‘of advantage’ to him. Correspondingly, Lady Macbeth at first accepts that the crown is her right, and gives her longing for accomplishing it: ‘Take my milk for nerve, you murd’ring ministers.’ The way that she is approaching spirits to invigorate her the to demonstration suggests that she will remain determined to accomplish her point. A group of people may see this as a stunning, underhanded and mercilessly driven act. 2. The subject of intensity/aspiration is investigated in _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting.’ Shakespeare centers around Lady Macbeth’s relationship with Macbeth. At the point when Lady Macbeth finds out about the witches’ prescience that Macbeth will become lord, she brings forth an arrangement to get it going. Ted Hughes likewise expounds on desire in light of the fact that the bird of prey in the sonnet needs to be the best: â€Å"Now I hold Creation in my foot.† A distinction between them is that the falcon is extremely sure about his own capacity, however Macbeth is excessively faithful to the lord to have the option to arrive at his aspiration: â€Å"We will continue no further around here. He hath regarded me of late.† Lady Macbeth is more eager than her significant other. 3. _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting’ both appear to be about force and desire. In ‘Hawk Roosting’ the speaker is a falcon who depicts his perspective on the world: ‘The earth’s face upward for my inspection.’ This picture proposes how the bird of prey is sure that the world is there to suit his needs. It is as an announcement, which adds to the sentiments of the hawk’s certainty. Woman Macbeth is likewise ground-breaking toward the start of the play. She needs Macbeth to engage the visitors while she gets ready to execute King Duncan. When bring forth the arrangement, she says to her better half, ‘Leave all the rest to me’. This suggests she feels that she is more able to carry out the wrongdoing than Macbeth. The crowd will consider her to be progressively aspiring now. 4. Shakespeare demonstrates that Lady Macbeth needs to be an amazing character since she needs to slaughter the lord with the goal that Macbeth can turn into the new ruler: ‘You can putt this night’s extraordinary business into my dispatch.† Ted Hughes additionally expounds on power, yet from the perspective of a bird of prey. We realize that the bird of prey has a high assessment of itself: ‘I execute where I please in light of the fact that it is all mine.’ 5. _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting’ share some shared opinion in that they are worried about the disagreeable side of intensity and desire. The principle characters in the two writings give off an impression of being excessively certain and guaranteed. ‘Hawk Roosting’ is a sensational monolog spoken by a non-human voice, a bird of prey. We are furnished with a progression of pictures which delineate the hawk’s presumption and pride. For sure. The bird of prey is overflowing with prevalence: ‘It took the entire of Creation/To deliver my foot, my each feather.’ The falcon is apparently boasting and savoring the experience of how grand it shows up. This can be legitimately contrasted with Lady Macbeth. The manner in which she puts down her better half, alluding to him as ‘afeard’ and ‘a coward’ uncovers her pitiless desire to become sovereign. She, similar to the falcon, feels that she has the right to be ‘great’, and needs her better half to share the force; he calls her ‘My dearest accomplice of greatness.’ 6. In _Macbeth_ Shakespeare expounds on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth who have an arrangement to slaughter the lord and dominate. â€Å"Hail, King thou shalt be.† Ted Hughes expounds on a bird of prey and how ground-breaking he is: â€Å"My habits are detaching heads.† 7. In Shakespeare’s play a man called Macbeth slaughters the ruler to get hisâ power. T

Instart Logic

Instart Logic INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi today we’re at Palo Alto with Instart Logic. Manav, who are you and what do you do?Manav: Hi Martin, I’m the founder and CEO of Instart Logic. We are a company in the Application Delivery space. We provide a cloud based service that speeds, scales and secures modern applications. Our customers are basically online companies that make money by putting user experience in front of an online audience that includes e- commerce companies, online retailers, SaaS application publishers and we got some great customer like Staples, TUI Travels, Washington Post are using our service today.Martin: And how did you start this company?Manav: So our start has a very interesting history. We started as a gaming company, so I and 2 of my co-founders we were colleagues at a previous start up. We joined like within two weeks of each other and in 2010 we basically started building out what we thought would be a website where gamers would go, they would download games, you would keep track of their scores, you would pay them off with each other, we even raised a little bit of a seed round on that idea.A few months in, we realized it was a very bad idea because of a lot of different reasons; it was a shrinking market, the value proposition was eroding. It was very clear that we would not be able to build a big company on this idea. But we had a few folks who had join the team, we had raised funding from a few investors and we had basically two option; (1) give the money, call it quits or (2) use the strengths we had build which was in the form of our network, the people who were betting on us, our advisers who believed in us and leverage the trends we had spotted in the market. And the big trend we had spotted was that, as people moved from desktop to mobile devices to consumer applications, almost every company is going to completely rebuild their applications from scratch to provide them a very seamless experience across those multiple devices and that’s going to disrupt legacy application delivery solutions. And that turned out to be a huge opportunity that we just decided to jump in. And that’s kind of where we started and that’s how we ended up on executing on that idea.Martin: This sounds like Flickr, because from what I’ve heard they also started with a gaming idea. What I’ve heard is that they had a gaming idea and then they pivoted into something else which actually made sense.Manav: Yes, In reality, I think it’s similar to two companies; Flickr like you mentioned, the other one is Slack, that also started out as a gaming company. And then Fiction started like this company named Pipe Piper on the Silicon Valley show. Interestingly enough, originally it was Game Piper. So you know its not a strange case.Martin: And what did you do before you started the company?Manav: So I was previously at Ask a Data which was an early big data company and I was a very early employee over there. My co-founders, Raghu and Hari, all of three of us joined within a couple weeks of each other. They joined as an engineer but towards the end, I was running a substantial part of engineering team.BUSINESS MODEL OF INSTART LOGICMartin: You’ve nicely described the customer base. What are you making revenue out of? Is it a SaaS model or is it anything that you’re selling?Manav: So we provide a service which follows a SaaS model. So our customer use our service, it is fully cloud base, easy to provision, easy to use and we bill them on a typical SaaS basis, monthly online subscription.Martin: And are you depending on any partners?Manav: So we have lots of partners in different areas. We have great partners who are basically allies but different view points on the performance space, they kind of know companies like Yidiodalic New Relic who offered performance monitoring solutions. We all know each other and we co-market together. We’ve got great partners who bring us revenue and partners we bring revenues for. So wha t we see is a very healthy ecosystem of companies who all see this problem in the space that application are completely changing, in terms of how they are built, how they are deployed, how they are consumed. That has created a void in the market place which a lot of companies are rushing to fill and then part of that ecosystem which is a distribution ecosystem to come up to fill this void.Martin: Can you give us a little bit more transparence on, imagine I’m a company and today I’m following the old model; I have a desktop application and I have a maintenance apps, etc. and the new model which you are apparently tackling today?Manav: Yes, so if you are online company today, so performance is going to be super critical for you. Typically what you will be doing is having a marketing team which will be good for building a mobile site or mobile app, you will be spending a lot of money, be it platforming your website or app, building a really good compelling user experience and spend ing money on campaign, SEO, etc, driving those users to those new sites, to those new apps. The problem is that the first experience typically is on a smart phone or a tablet in some crowded coffee shop over WiFi signal and the site or the app that takes more than three four five seconds to load, you lose all those users and you lose all that money. And one of the primary reason for that is that you’re using one of the CDN service; a content delivering network service for delivering those application to those end users. They don’t scale for mobile devices anymore and then what would happens is that performance becomes top of mine for every single executive in the company and that’s when instart would come in.We would go work with your team, show you our value proposition. It’s a very simple replacement for your existing CDN solution. We would typically start using a mobile site or some single app that you really care about where performance is your biggest challenge, we woul d show you how faster we are than your existing solution. It would have a dramatic impact on your conversions, user experience, search ranking; it increase your overall top line. You’ll feel very excited about the value proposition of the product, about the technological road map and about the great service we can provide and what a cool partners we are and then follow a typical expand model, where you would say, “Look, I have all these different sites, why am I wasting money on a CDN why don’t I put all of it on Instart Logic” and that’s where this relationship would go.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM MANAV MITAL In Palo Alto (CA), we meet founder and CEO of Instart Logic, Manav Mital. Manav talks about his story how he came up with the idea and founded Instart Logic, how the current business model works, as well as he provides some advice for young entrepreneurs.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi today we’re at Palo Alto with Instart Logic. Manav, who are you and what do you do?Manav: Hi Martin, I’m the founder and CEO of Instart Logic. We are a company in the Application Delivery space. We provide a cloud based service that speeds, scales and secures modern applications. Our customers are basically online companies that make money by putting user experience in front of an online audience that includes e- commerce companies, online retailers, SaaS application publishers and we got some great customer like Staples, TUI Travels, Washington Post are using our service today.Martin: And how did you start this company?Manav: So our start has a very interesting history. We started as a gaming company, so I and 2 of my co-founders we were colleagues at a previous start up. We joined like within two weeks of each other and in 2010 we basically started building out what we thought would be a website where gamers would go, they would download games, you would keep track of their scores, you would pay them off with each other, we even raised a little bit of a seed round on that idea.A few months in, we realized it was a very bad idea because of a lot of different reasons; it was a shrinking market, the value proposition was eroding. It was very clear that we would not be able to build a big company on this idea. But we had a few folks who had join the team, we had raised funding from a few investors and we had basically two option; (1) give the money, call it quits or (2) use the strengths we had build which was in the form of our network, the people who were betting on us, our advisers who believed in us and leverage the trends we had spotted in the market. And the big trend we had spott ed was that, as people moved from desktop to mobile devices to consumer applications, almost every company is going to completely rebuild their applications from scratch to provide them a very seamless experience across those multiple devices and that’s going to disrupt legacy application delivery solutions. And that turned out to be a huge opportunity that we just decided to jump in. And that’s kind of where we started and that’s how we ended up on executing on that idea.Martin: This sounds like Flickr, because from what I’ve heard they also started with a gaming idea. What I’ve heard is that they had a gaming idea and then they pivoted into something else which actually made sense.Manav: Yes, In reality, I think it’s similar to two companies; Flickr like you mentioned, the other one is Slack, that also started out as a gaming company. And then Fiction started like this company named Pipe Piper on the Silicon Valley show. Interestingly enough, originally it was Game Pip er. So you know its not a strange case.Martin: And what did you do before you started the company?Manav: So I was previously at Ask a Data which was an early big data company and I was a very early employee over there. My co-founders, Raghu and Hari, all of three of us joined within a couple weeks of each other. They joined as an engineer but towards the end, I was running a substantial part of engineering team.BUSINESS MODEL OF INSTART LOGICMartin: You’ve nicely described the customer base. What are you making revenue out of? Is it a SaaS model or is it anything that you’re selling?Manav: So we provide a service which follows a SaaS model. So our customer use our service, it is fully cloud base, easy to provision, easy to use and we bill them on a typical SaaS basis, monthly online subscription.Martin: And are you depending on any partners?Manav: So we have lots of partners in different areas. We have great partners who are basically allies but different view points on the perf ormance space, they kind of know companies like Yidiodalic New Relic who offered performance monitoring solutions. We all know each other and we co-market together. We’ve got great partners who bring us revenue and partners we bring revenues for. So what we see is a very healthy ecosystem of companies who all see this problem in the space that application are completely changing, in terms of how they are built, how they are deployed, how they are consumed. That has created a void in the market place which a lot of companies are rushing to fill and then part of that ecosystem which is a distribution ecosystem to come up to fill this void.Martin: Can you give us a little bit more transparence on, imagine I’m a company and today I’m following the old model; I have a desktop application and I have a maintenance apps, etc. and the new model which you are apparently tackling today?Manav: Yes, so if you are online company today, so performance is going to be super critical for you. T ypically what you will be doing is having a marketing team which will be good for building a mobile site or mobile app, you will be spending a lot of money, be it platforming your website or app, building a really good compelling user experience and spending money on campaign, SEO, etc, driving those users to those new sites, to those new apps. The problem is that the first experience typically is on a smart phone or a tablet in some crowded coffee shop over WiFi signal and the site or the app that takes more than three four five seconds to load, you lose all those users and you lose all that money. And one of the primary reason for that is that you’re using one of the CDN service; a content delivering network service for delivering those application to those end users. They don’t scale for mobile devices anymore and then what would happens is that performance becomes top of mine for every single executive in the company and that’s when instart would come in.We would go work w ith your team, show you our value proposition. It’s a very simple replacement for your existing CDN solution. We would typically start using a mobile site or some single app that you really care about where performance is your biggest challenge, we would show you how faster we are than your existing solution. It would have a dramatic impact on your conversions, user experience, search ranking; it increase your overall top line. You’ll feel very excited about the value proposition of the product, about the technological road map and about the great service we can provide and what a cool partners we are and then follow a typical expand model, where you would say, “Look, I have all these different sites, why am I wasting money on a CDN why don’t I put all of it on Instart Logic” and that’s where this relationship would go.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM MANAV MITALMartin: Cool. Imagine, you have a friend. What kind of advice would you give him if he said, “Manav, I would lik e to start a company, but I’ve never done it before”. What kind of advice would you give him?Manav: You know, one of the biggest advice I give to people is ignore advice from people like myself.It’s pretty interesting because I was actually talking to someone about it yesterday. When we started out, there was three of us, one of our very early investors, he wanted to introduce us to a chairman of a very large multinational corporation, thought they’d be a very good early customer. So he invited me and my co-founders to his house. We met with this guy, he looks at it and says it’s a very cool idea. He says, “How large is your company?” I said, “There is only three of us”. He looks at our investor, “You do realize the big risk that they’re taking?” You know what the investor said, he said, “If they knew any better they would not do it”.So part of it as being an entrepreneur, in some sense ignoring a lot of risks that are obvious to experts, obvious to the r eference, obvious to everybody else but just ignoring it, just believe in the few things that you really believe in, a few values that are really precious to you and hold on to them forever. And as the company gets bigger and you hire more people, you make more competitors, you have more customers, the life keeps on getting more complex, problems keep on getting more complex but the solution turns out to be surprisingly simple. And those solutions are always those few values and few things that you absolutely believe in, just make broad strokes.The one thing I would advise entrepreneurs to always do, which I did, is to always listen to the market. The market is the only expert that you should probably listen to and that’s what we did at the start. Even going after the gaming market, we realize it’s a small market, there is a much bigger opportunity than if we went after that market in this world of application delivery. There are e-commerce companies, online gaming companies, Sa aS publishers, lots of different verticals and there again we spoke to a lot of different customers, realizing ecommerce companies, travel hospitalities, news media, those are the largest most important verticals for us, we went after them. So that’s the only thing I would advice entrepreneurs to listen to experts.Martin: What are the values that you have been focusing on in the first place when you first started out?Manav: I think the one value that I really emphasized on was to hire A+ Players. Hire really smart people, really motivated with high head room, who are very competent and very low on ego, who basically work very well together as a team. At Instart, the biggest struggle that weve had is just hiring really good people. At any given point in time, we have as many vacancies open as the employees in the company. But we are very selective in terms of who we bring in to be a part of this company. We actually think it’s extremely special and thats the one thing that we jus t never ever compromise on.Martin: And how did you find the first employees that are rock stars?Manav: So basically we went through our network. Because I, my co-founders, we have been in the industry working for the last three, four, five years; we went to some good schools. And you know when you work hard, people tend to notice that. If you are an A+ player, if we work hard, if we generate good results, if you are a very good team player, people remember those things. And you know our previous colleagues remembered us from our previous contracts and they were willing to make a bet on us and at that time, nobody else would. That’s how we hired our early employees. And then you started having this what I call the snowball effect. We had our first good three employees, we find the first good investor and then we find the first good customer. And it is all about only, sort of dealing with A+ folks in terms of brand for a customer or in terms of portfolios and track record for an inv estor or capability for an employee. And these people tend to attract people like themselves and that’s how we did built the company.Martin: And with the customers? Was it the same way that you acquired the first customers via your network or was it more of a like a cold acquisition of customers?Manav: It was basically a cold acquisition. The value proposition for Instart is very similar. If I came to you and I say, “Look we have some website, I don’t know what this website is, if I made it faster by 2x. Nothing else changes for you”. Like why would you say no, right? For us, that’s what we basically did. I wasn’t afraid to approach strangers so I approached a few early customers, who were technically very smart, had good brand and were forward leading and we spoke to them, and they were very excited and intrigued by what we could do. And most of them have been on our service ever since.Martin: Can you please elaborate on your sales process? So what does a sales process look like today and what might have changed?Manav: So the sales process hasn’t really changed, so if you think about Instart, Instart is the the result of a technology disruption. We’ve built a technology, we have pioneered a new architecture design for how to build an application delivery service and on the business model side, which seems to be basically the same as what most of the players would look at. It’s a direct sales model where we’ll hire field based sales people, you have them go call on different accounts. The lead generation for us is really very straightforward. Anybody who’s using CDN is a target customer of ours and we’ll call them up, the sales pitch is relatively very straightforward, “Look we can make your site faster. Faster site, faster app means these benefits for the top line, why don’t you give it a shot?”Martin: Good. Thank you very much, Manav!Manav: Yes.Martin: And maybe if you want to have a faster app or website, Instart Logic might be an option.Manav: Thank you, Martin.Martin: Great! Thank you so much!Manav: Thanks for everything! Thanks!

The Effects Of Media Violence On Children - 1270 Words

Many video games, television programs, adverts, films and music lyrics depict different forms of violence. Some people feel that there is too much violence exposed in the media. Many studies have made the claim that the media is responsible for much of the violence seen in the world we live in (List and Wolfgang). However, people have choices and responsibilities we cannot allow ourselves to blame it on other things such as the media. The violence seen in our media has an impact on both adults and children. Since children are also exposed to various forms of media, there has been additional concern for how they process and think about the violence they see, read or hear. Excessive exposure to media violence can also affect people in many ways as they can become disturbed and develop serious fears of being victimized in real life. Nevertheless, the entertainment industry and those in favor of the media argue that censoring these images or music will not solve the problems of a society , which is already violent. In the book Violence, Society and Radical Theory William Pawlett discusses Freud’s approach to violence and society. He says, â€Å"that society or civilization exercises a powerful restriction, containment and discipline upon both the thought and behaviors of individuals† (Pawlett Chapter 2). Freud’s position is â€Å"often viewed reductively by critics who claim that it concerns a speculative and deeply metaphysical ‘death drive’ at the origin of human acts of violence†Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children873 Words   |  4 Pages According to the Media Education Foundation, once a child reaches eighteen years of age, they have witnessed around 200,000 acts of violence and 16,000 murders (jacksonkatz.com). Our society loves entertainment and a grand portion of this entertainment contains violence. Children constantly consume violent visuals, due to their prevalence. Majority of our society is uninterested in the effect s of media violence since its effects do not show immediately. Misinformation is our greatest enemy in theRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children974 Words   |  4 Pagesmany kinds of media, like Internet, video game, television and film. It is generally believed that some of the bad information such as violent content in the media can have a negative effect on people, and it can end up causing some social problem. It is clear that children are more likely to be influenced by media violence than other age groups because of their world outlook and personality are not formed. Furthermore is if media violence does have some profound influence on children, this will leadRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children884 Words   |  4 Pagesis all this necessary to fabricate in the media? What are characters in movies teaching kids? What about the language in music talking about killing people and talking about violence like it’s the cool thing? What about new cha nnels always talking about guns, bombs and threats to the public, is this what is influencing are children because they view it as a norm? Some may agree with this as others may disagree. Media violence is not the factor in violence today. Studies show that over 90% of homesRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthe graphic cruelty and violence. According to American Psychological Association, the harmful influence of media violence on children dates back to the 1950s and 1960s, and remains strong today. A child that watches violence or hears about violence can be influenced to become violent. Indeed, in reviewing the totality of empirical evidence regarding the impact of media violence, the conclusion that exposure to violent portrayals poses a risk of harmful effects on children has been reached by theRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children1943 Words   |  8 PagesFor many years now, the media has been a big part of our lives. Almost everybody in the world is or has connected to it one way or another. It is a way for families and friends to have fun together, for interesting topics that people are interested in, or to just enjoy alone. However, there is a problem that can be seen across all types of media: violence. Violence can be seen as a distraught way to get over problems. There is judgement issues involved for violence. It is done by bullies in schoolRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children2411 Words   |  10 PagesMedia Violence is definitely harmful to children as the exposure of media violence can desensitize children (age 6-12) to violence and in the real world; violence becomes enjoyable and does not result in apprehensiveness in the child. There have been several studies and experiments regarding the adverse effects of violence used in video games, television, as well as movies. With both preschool and school-aged children, studies have found that they are more likely to imitate the violence they seeRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children2122 Words   |  9 Pagesexposed to various types of media, for example books or magazines, television, song lyrics, video games, and movies. Media often portrays, aggressive action, behaviour, and violence. This content can negatively affect not only adolescents and adults, but can have an even greater effect on children even from the moment they are exposed to it. Children who are exposed to violence in the media may display aggressive and violent behaviour. Young people especially children under the age of eight thisRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children1903 Words   |  8 Pagesdepict different forms of violence. Some people feel that there is too much violence exposed in the media. Many studies have made the claim that the media is responsible for much of the violence seen in the world we live in. However, people have choices and responsibilities we cannot allow ourselves to blame it on other things such as the media. The violence seen in our media has an impact on both adults and children. Since children are also exposed to various forms of media, there has been additionalRead MoreEffects of Media Violence on Children2430 Words   |  10 PagesThe Effect of Media Violence on Children and Levels of Aggression. It has been said that children are like sponges when it comes to attaining knowledge. This seems to be true whether they are learning to speak or how to show emotion. Feelings and emotions become more imminent once children begin to go through adolescents. Children acquire the ability to aggression, sadness, and happiness more readily. Males typically exhibit higher levels of aggression then females according to some researchRead MoreWhat Is the Effect of Media Violence on Children1314 Words   |  6 PagesYasser Abdelaziz Ms. Williams English 1010-18 13, December 2010 The Effect of Media Violence on Children Although very little research was done on it in the past, media violence has sparked much controversy in recent history. As technology becomes more advanced, new methods of uncovering the media’s effects on children have emerged. Advances in Neuroscience, for example, can become tools to understanding the effects media violence has from a psychological standpoint. The brain in its underpinnings

Stephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational...

Organizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing†¦show more content†¦3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People Skills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ Coping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethi cal Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking

Discuss the View That Roles of Men and Women in the Family are Becoming More Equal Free Essays

The aim of this essay is to attempt to come to a conclusion as to whether the gender roles within the modern-day family are equal, whether they are becoming more equal, and whether they shall ever be equal. In doing this, we shall have to study the views and opinions of many schools of thought, the results of different studies, and recognise and fully appreciate the arguments of different people and groups. The title question itself raises many debateable points, as it makes assumptions that ignore the diversity of the family. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the View That Roles of Men and Women in the Family are Becoming More Equal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, and most obviously, the question assumes we shall only deal with heterosexually based families, not same-sex relationships. While same-sex families most definitely exist, they are a minority and do not really come into the issue of gender, therefore I shall ignore them for the course of this essay. Secondly, no two families are exactly the same. Families in different countries will no doubt have different attitudes on the subject of equality, and there will be noticeable differences across race, class and culture divisions, as well as between two different families with (superficially at least) a lot in common. This type of diversity would require its own set of studies and essays, and so for the sake of this essay I shall limit my studies to families from this country, and to statistical evidence; rather than individual families. There are many different views concerning the equality between men and women in the family. The traditional nuclear family as we consider it today would be a married man and woman with children, with the man going out to paid employment and the woman staying at home to do housework and look after the childrenWillmott and Young’s views are similar to those of Postmodernists, a sociological school of thought that developed in the 1980s. Postmodernists believe that we live in a postmodern world, where differences in gender, race, class etc are now obsolete. As a result, they see gender roles in the family to be equal and egalitarian, and claim that any inequality or dissimilarity between gender roles in individual families is due to the choice of the members within the family. Many people have attacked Willmott and Young’s study, claiming insignificant evidence and inaccurate methodology to back up their conclusions. Edgell’s Middle Class Couples (1980) claims that while the division of housework is more equal than in the past, the vast majority of families are far from being egalitarian. Edgell also puts emphasis on the fact that the division power within the family also still seems unequal, with men making the majority of decisions for the family. Many feminists also claimed that the statistics show that men still do a disproportionately small amount of work at home. While some more liberal feminists believe we are on a steady path to gender equality within the family, many more hard-line and radical feminists argue that gender roles are far from equal. Ann Oakley’s The Sociology of Housework (1974) and Housewife (1976) argue that modern women work a ‘double-shift’, juggling full-time employment and housework. Oakley claims that â€Å"One occupation in particular, that of housewife, is exclusively feminine. In Britain, 76% of all employed women are housewives and so are 93% of non-employed women†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – Housewife (1976). She argues that while feminism has forced change in waged employment, social attitudes in the home remain the same. According to Oakley, men do very little in the home, with dishwashing being the only housework men do more than women. She also argues that men see doing housework as a favour to their wives, rather than a duty; and that childcare for most men is merely a spasmodic activity of recreation. Many other sociologists attack Oakley’s views, accusing her of hypocrisy as she attacked Willmott and Young’s methodology, while her own studies into housework completely ignore the more traditional male jobs, such as DIY, operating machinery, gardening, simple household repairs and so on. A. Warde’s Domestic Divisions of Labour (1990) offers a more well rounded view: * Male Partner Female Partner Shared Plastering 32 4 2 Tidying Up 2 67 23 Cooking 4 77 17 Checking Car Oil 79 9 2 Bathing Children 22 44 33 It may also be important that the female-dominated jobs (Tidying up, Cooking, Bathing children) are much more often ‘shared’ than the male-dominated ones (Checking Car Oil, Plastering) Burghes (1997) argues against Oakley’s dismissal of male childcare, stating that more fathers are taking an active role in the emotional development and support of their children. Marxists argue that the traditional nuclear family was merely a way for the capitalist class to control and exploit the proletariat through ideology. Therefore, Marxist-Feminists believe in a ‘patriarchal ideology’, in which girls are socialised into a male-led world to accept their role as housewives, and make marriage and family their main goal. In turn, this will benefit the capitalist society by keeping the status quo, and creating a new generation of similarly socialised male workers and female housewives. Marxist-Feminists believe this patriarchy occurs at all levels of society, from making girls wear skirts to advertising dolls on television, and that to truly achieve gender equality we must dispense with socialising our children into gender roles. People often dismiss this view, claiming that gaining equality should not mean compromising identity, and many other feminists believe that retaining their femininity is as important a part of the struggle for equality as gaining equal rights. The New Right believe that the nuclear family is the ideal family structure, and that Britain went through a ‘Golden Age’ during the 1950s. Since then, they claim that feminism and equal rights have caused women to demand jobs, and thus be absent from home. As a result, the New Right argue that this puts stress on the nuclear family, often tearing it apart, and that absent parents cause deviance and social problems amongst their children. They claim that this has caused a decline in the family, and an increase in what they consider social problems (egg divorce, single-parent families). They believe that the current equal rights movement is wrong, and that people should return to the traditional nuclear family, which gives everyone an equal but separate, individual role. These views are similar to those of functionalists. Functionalists also believe that the nuclear family is the perfect and desired family type, as each member is supported within the family unit, and each person agrees on their role within the family to keep it working. Robin Fox (1969) argued that roles in the family were based on biological rules, while Talcott Parsons (1955) took a similar view, claiming that naturally women are best at ‘expressive’ roles, such as caring, empathising and socialising, while men are best at ‘instrumental’ roles, such as working for money. Therefore, functionalists believe that biological factors determine gender roles within the family, and the traditional roles within the nuclear family are the perfect representation of these roles. What is more, functionalist claim there is a consensus within the family, whereby all members of the family agree to these roles. These functionalist and new right views are viciously attacked by Marxists, feminists and postmodernists, all of whom agree that gender roles are culturally, not biologically, determined. Marxist-feminists claim that the consensus is an illusion, as women only accept their roles in the traditional family as they have been socialised to do so by patriarchal ideologies. All feminists also disagree with the New Right idea of the ‘perfect’ nuclear family and the ‘Golden Age’, claiming that all these things did were control and manipulate women, and that roles within such families were never equal. As this essay has shown us, views on gender roles in the family are fiercely contested, and opinions differ drastically. Functionalists and the New Right insist that gender roles in the family are biologically intended to be different, and were most equal in the traditional, nuclear family. Postmodernists and followers of Willmott and Young claim we have moved into an era of egalitarianism, where gender roles are shared and equal. Feminists argue that while there has been a small amount of progress, gender roles are far from equal, and females still have a much worse ‘deal’ than males. I have attempted to fully understand all these points of view, and come to a fair conclusion. In truth, it seems to me that the real nature of gender roles within the family is somewhere between all these points of view. I believe that as we currently stand, gender roles are equal, but not egalitarian. More males share more of the housework and childcare than ever, while more females are pursuing careers and learning what were traditionally ‘male’ skills (eg DIY, repair, vehicle maintenance etc). People tend to still do jobs that were traditionally considered ‘right’ for their sex, and there are most definitely still differences between the genders, but these boundaries are being pushed every day, and more and more families are sharing more jobs and decisions. I think we must remember that social attitudes take more time to change than social actions, and we must recognise that change is occurring. Since the 1970s, when Ann Oakley wrote her books on housework, we have seen the rise of the ‘new man’ and ‘house-husbands’. Meanwhile, more and more women are proving Fox’s and Parsons’ theories of biologically determined roles to be wrong. Not all families will follow the statistics; there will always be a few male-dominated households, just as there are now ‘role-reversal’ families. And families will always differ slightly from each other. But within a few generations, I believe that Willmott and Young’s vision of an egalitarian family will become our view of the majority of families, as we’re halfway there already. How to cite Discuss the View That Roles of Men and Women in the Family are Becoming More Equal, Essays

Lab 4 free essay sample

Assessment Worksheet 65 Lab #4 – Assessment Worksheet Configure Group Policy Objects and Microsoft ® Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) Course Name and Number: Student Name: Dennis Dobbins Instructor Name: P Butu Lab Due Date: 10/8/13 Overview In this lab, you used group policy objects to create a minimum password length password policy and link it to the newly created domain from the previous lab. You also ran the Microsoft ® Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) and reviewed the results of the MBSA scan. Lab Assessment Questions Answers 1. Describe two options you would enable in a Windows Domain password policy. password requirements lock out after x number of failed attempts 2. there a setting in your GPO to specify how many logon attempts will lock out an account? Name two Is parameters that you can set to enhance the access control to the system. password must meet requirements setting a password minimum 4 system access? enforce password history password minimum and maximum age requirements password complexity requirements 38351_LB04_Pass2. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab 4 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page indd 65 Configure Group Policy Objects and Microsoft ® Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) 3. What are some password policy parameter options you can define for GPOs that can enhance the CIA for 26/02/13 11:57 PM 66 Lab #4 ? |? Configure Group Policy Objects and Microsoft ® Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) 4. If the virtual lab had direct Internet access, from what sources could you use as a source to perform the MBSA security state? server 2008 , 2003 and window 7 5. What does WSUS stand for, and what does it do? window server update serviceprovides updates and fixes for Microsoft products 6. What is the difference between MBSA and Microsoft ® Update? MBSA scans for missing updates and vulnerability where Microsoft updates only scans for missing updates 7. What are some of the options that you can exercise when using the MBSA tool? weak passwords and security updates and any vulnerability 8. Describe why change control management might be relevant to security operations in an organization. Allows for testing and documentation of changes before they sent to management for review and implementation. 38351_LB04_Pass2. indd 66 26/02/13 11:57 PM

The Long Term Confidence Boosters Essay Example For Students

The Long Term Confidence Boosters Essay Long-Term Confidence BoostersHow to Design a Journey to Better Self-Esteem provides step-by-step guidance for generating pragmatic, short-term improvements in self-esteem for business and personal tactics and developing long-term confidence-building strategies that can eventually change your self-image from a negative impression to a highly positive, dynamic and long-lasting mental picture.Over the long-term, self-confidence improves the odds of success in almost any endeavor. A 2011 study that was jointly conducted by the University of Edinburgh and the University of California-San Diego found that self-confident people win more arguments when fighting for things with value and that even incorrect arguments were likely to carry the day when their proponents were confident.1 Self-esteem at work leads to more promotions and faster advancement. Men actually appear more physically attractive when they re confident, according to numerous studies and anecdotal evidence. We will write a custom essay on The Long Term Confidence Boosters specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Improving Your Long-Term Self-ImageSimple exercises for building self-esteem and confidence gradually remove the coat of failure that people use to armor themselves with over the years and reveal the long-term developments and paradigm changes in your persona that characterize self-confident people. These long-term benefits that using the How to Design a Journey to Better Self-Esteem e-book can generate include:Upward Mobility at WorkGreater confidence results in faster promotions at work, vertical and horizontal job mobility and the ability to build stronger and long-lasting work relationships.Better Romantic ProspectsPeople actually appear more physically attractive when they re confident. A direct and engaging smile outranks most physical attributes in. . self-esteem. Otherwise, relationships devolve into codependency or one-sided affairs that aren t satisfying or healthy. Romantic relationships often bring out insecurities, such as fear of abandonment, emotionally needy partners and the need to be controlled. You can overwhelm your loving partner if you re too emotionally needy or lack normal self-esteem. If your partner accepts such behavior, he or she is likely to be controlling, damaged or emotionally needy as well. These kinds of behaviors aren t healthy for adult relationships, and both partners might need to work on self-esteem issues.You can address the insecurities in your romantic relationships and build a healthier, adult relationship with your partner with the following strategies:Express insecurities: Be honest with yourself and partner by analyzing your insecurities, and sharing the information.

Pressure System Essays

Pressure System Essays Pressure System Essay Pressure System Essay A Pressure system with two resistances Consider a pressure system with tank of volume V and varying pressure P at constant temperature. Fl is inlet flow through resistance RI with source pressure Pl. F2 is output flow through resistance R2 and flowing out at pressure P2. As the flows into and out of the tank are both influenced by the tank pressure, both flow resistances affect the time constant. A typical control problem would be to manipulate one flow rate (either in or out) to maintain a desired drum pressure. Variables: Controlled variable: P Manipulated variable: F2 Disturbance variable: Fl Here we develop a model that describes how the tank pressure varies with the inlet and outlet flow rates. Making a mass balance, Accumulation in the tank = Input flow rate (Fl) Output flow rate (F2) Flows (Ohms law is I = Driving Force Resistance dp dt RIR2 V (Rl+R2) RI +R2 RI R2 ( RI +R2) + ( Rl+R2) rp dP+p = KI Pl+K2P2 Where Kl= (Eq. l) VRI R2 Taking Laplace transform of equation (Eq. l) ps P(S) + P(S) = KI PI'(S) + K2P2(S) P(S) (1+ IPS) = KI PI'(S) + K2 P2(S) 1+1 s + KI P2(S) (Eq. 2) Equation 2 can be represented in a block diagram as below: rps+l rp S+l A Block Diagram of a pressure system with two resistances Assume: RI = 2 rntn,t-n3; R2 v=5rn3 2+4 20 3 6. 6676mtn l. Processing Without Control Where K ? 4 = 0. 667; Assuming step change from 2 m3/min to 3 m3/min in the disturbance variable: S(3S+1) Disturbance response without Control 0. 8 0. 4 0. 2 10 50 time (min) II. Proportional Integral Control for the Disturbance Changes Process: Process Transfer function: Gp(s) = Disturbance Transfer function: Gd(s) = I-I(S) Pressure Sensor-Transmitter (Analyzer): Gm(s) = Km m s+l but negligible dynamics > > > Gm(s) = Km Pm(s) = Gm(s)Pa(s) Block diagram for the pressure sensor-tramsmitter pa(S) m S+l Pm(s) Controller (PI controller): GC(S) = ) pa(S) = Control Valve: GV(S) = KV Pt'(S) o. S+l ; but negligible dynamics r > > > Comparator: E(s) = P sp (s) P m (s) P sp (s) = K m P sp (s) Block diagram for the entire process: Rd(S Psp(s) P sp (s) KC(I + ) pa(S) KIP PLI(S) Where: Y=controlled variable U=manipulated variable D=disturbance variable (also referred to as load variable) P=controller output E=error signal Ym=measured value of Y Ysp=set point sp=internal set point (used by the controller) Yu=change in Y due to U Yd=change in Y due to D Gc=controller transfer function GFtransfer function for final control element (including K , if required) IP Gp=process transfer function Gd=disturbance transfer function

Probability for Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Probability for Managers - Essay Example The growing uncertainties under which managers must function, is a feature of the conventional environment (Daum, 2004). The aspect of uncertainty is exacerbated by information overload. Studies confirm that the information available to managers exceeds human capacity to process and to use such information. This makes for very difficult operating systems for managers. A third aspect of management practice is that most processes involve groups and teams. Even where final authority rests with an individual, the varying capabilities of managers to focus and to absorb information, requires that a common platform is created, so that each participant can express his or her views. Dissent is often the result of opposing parties basing their opinions on different scenarios, which they think is probable. Scientific application of probability theories has therefore a watershed role in building common understanding, if not consensus in teams that run firms. Formal probability techniques have been used in research functions of firms for a long time. Market Research, Clinical Trials and all other experiments to study the safety and efficacy performances of new products, use probability methodology. Random number generation and use, sampling, determination of significance and confidence levels all depend on probability science. Managers who are not formally trained in mathematics, or who do not remember their academics, may use outputs stated in qualitative terms for their decisions. This can lead to critical matters being effectively delegated to specialists who understand mathematics. Many examples of such distortion can be found in the high-profile pharmaceutical industry. Products have been released for the market, though research showed the probabilities of side-effects and adverse events. Managers in the concerned firms, regulators and doctors have all been victims of their ignorance of probability science, in taking decisions that were to subsequently cost consumers dearly! This trend will continue as technology takes us in to fields with multiple outcomes. It highlights the need for modern managements to fully understand the conclusions of formal probability methods. Insurance is another traditional field for the use of probability (Matthew & Stewart, 1999, p 2). The industry that provides cover against premiums depends on probability theories in large measure for their sustained probability, as indeed do all bookmakers involved in structured and informal gambling operations of all kinds. Firms with large capital assets often invest in internal positions, using specialists to determine their insurance policies and practices. Product liability is often determined in companies by people without adequate grounding in the mathematics of probability: under provision for related claims is often the result. All products and services that have potential implications for human safety and in terms of environmental impacts need the systematic and continuous application of established and proven probability techniques, for appropriate decision making. Stock valuation and its future course have emerged as industries in their own rights with the development of bourses world wide and the spread of the financial services and merchant banking sectors. Mutual funds also depend almost entirely on future estimates of market capitalization. Forecasts of scrip values started with simple regression and

Reflection of Conflict 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection of Conflict 1 - Essay Example In this regard, I aimed to work together with my classmate in the pursuit of dream of quality education. In addition, I applied strategic maneuvering as a tool for agreement. In that, I neglected my self-interest and considered my classmates concerns for taking my seat. I felt the approach would work out because we shared a common desire of listening to the lectures without interruption. I also valued an approach that maintains level of self-awareness and respect for others. Therefore, the two communication skills `preserved our regard, admiration, and facilitated my decision to avoid conflict by mutual agreement to sit in adjacent positions. I will use a similar strategy if I find myself in comparable conflicts. B. Conflict over the table could cause more harm to our relationship. Hence, I identified the reasons for the conflict in order to help strategize mutual mitigation approaches. The approach also facilitated my self-awareness and helped me define my goal. Moreover, I differentiated between listening for thoughts and listening for my feelings. I was able to clearly identify my roles and develop sympathy for my classmate. Thus, these approaches enabled me to consider my inner feelings and enabled me to develop respect for my friend. The final decision and the found peace resulted from a detailed inner analysis as shown. All the parts of my approach successfully worked out because I realized I was mean to my classmate. I realized that we both deserved to sit in the front table given that our pursuit entailed listening to the lectures. The back position never favored any of us and it was unkind character to insist that my classmate occupy an uncomfortable table. The decision not to report the problem also enhanced our trust and the care for each other. I realized that education is a collective role and we require the assistance and support of friends

The Steps Involved In Wastewater Treatment Environmental Sciences Essay

The Steps Involved In Wastewater Treatment Environmental Sciences Essay The aim of this report is to explain clearly in detail the steps involved in wastewater treatment including the disadvantages and suggested improvements to the process. This report will take on an engineering analysis of the many complex processes and the steps involved in processing wastewater into clean water safe to be discharged into the environment. Also included in this report is an overall process diagram of the wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the limitations and key advantages of this treatment are outlined and the appropriate and suitable improvements that can be made to overcome them are explored. Introduction Water, one of the worlds most important but unfortunately finite source, which is being endlessly used and reused. Wastewater treatment is the process in which wastewater as well as the sewage, is filled with bacteria, chemicals and other contaminants is cleaned so that it can be recycled back safe for use. Once the treatment is complete, all forms of solids called sludge, regardless of the shape and size that was present in the wastewater will be removed. Besides that, oxygen gets restored into the water, which then eventually ends up in the lakes and rivers which require oxygen rich water to support the lifestyle of the aquatic organisms. Wastewater includes a combination of domestic sewage (toilets, kitchen, and laundry) on a smaller scale and on a larger scale this consists of industrial effluent, schools as well as businesses (chemical and wastes, hospitals, shopping centres). Wastewater is also obtained from storm water infiltration and ground water which enters the sewer through the cracks present. Generally the waste can be broken down naturally with bacteria and other biological organisms especially when it is just household or business waste. However, wastes obtained from industries are generally toxic and require a physical/chemical treatment plant, which uses both chemical reactions and physical processes to process the wastewater. Overview of the treatment: As an overview, the wastewater treatment occurs in three stages which will be discussed thoroughly. It begins with the preliminary and primary treatment where 40-60 % of the solids are removed (City of Columbia). Followed by the secondary treatment where 90% of the pollutants are removed, hence completing the liquid portion process (City of Columbia). The next step would be the treatment and removal of the sludge (bio-solids). The number of stages of the treatment varies but generally go up to four depending on the quality of water being treated. Below is a picture of an aerial view of a general wastewater treatment plant. Source: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Tw-Z/Wastewater-Treatment-and-Management.html , 2010 Below, is the overall process diagram of the wastewater treatment. (Source: Wastewater treatment and principals and regulations brochure) Preliminary Treatment The preliminary treatment is the first stage in wastewater treatment with its main purpose removing coarse solids and large materials found in raw water to make the water suitable for the main treatment process. It also ensures that the pumping equipment does not get damaged. This initial stage involves various different processes which include screening, grit removal and odour control. Initially, the sewage is screened to remove large objects which include plastics and paper. This step is crucial to make sure that there is no blockage in the pipe system as well as no damages to the equipment. This is done generally by passing the sewage through mechanically raked bar screens (consisting of vertical bars spaced close together) which are used to capture the large objects and remove them from the wastewater stream. The screenings (material which have been cleared in this step) is disposed safely at a landfill site. Below is an example of a raked screen bar image used in industries. (Source : Huber Technology, 2009) The next step is the grit removal which includes grit, stones and dirt. However, before the sewage enters the grit tanks, Ferrous Chloride (FeCl2) and lime are added to improve the subsequent chemical treatment. Ferrous Chloride precipitates phosphorus thus reducing the growth of toxic algae in the water. Lime on the other hand is added to increase the pH level which aids the Ferrous Chloride in removing phosphorus and other material from the sewage. Various different types of detritus tanks, grinders and cyclonic inertial separation are used including a comminutor and grit chamber to remove the coarse solids. A comminutor is actually a grinding pump which houses a rotating cutting screen that makes shreds large organic matter, therefore making it easier for microorganisms to decompose the organic matter. This step also further prevents any damage to the machines and pumps in the process. The effectiveness of the chemicals added prior in the grit chamber is improved by adding and mixing compressed air into the wastewater. In order to allow the heavier inorganic materials settle out of the waste stream, the velocity of the incoming sewage is controlled. The air flow is also adjusted to create velocity near the bottom part of the chamber to catch the grit in a current hence, allowing it to settle. Chlorination is another step that could be used in the preliminary treatment. However, as chlorination can be used for all the different stages in the treatment, the equipment has to be design specially and carefully for the same operations. All the disposals collected from the preliminary stages are disposed of safely in a landfill. Primary Treatment The next step, following the preliminary treatment is the primary treatment. The purpose of this step is to remove the particles which are able to settle by sedimentation which includes organic nitrogen, organic phosphorous and heavy metals (New York Water operations 2007). This is done by passing the wastewater through the primary sedimentation tanks or primary clarifiers where solid particles are removed by physical settling due to its density, buoyancy and the force of gravity. Coagulants and flocculants such as solid and liquid Aluminium Sulphate and Aluminium Hydroxide Chloride (Accepta Water Treatment, 2010) are often added to expedite this process by encouraging the aggregation of particles. However, the pH level has to be constantly adjusted as they tend to reduce the pH levels of the wastewater. (Source : City of Camarillo, 2010) Above is an image of a sedimentation tank. They are designed to hold wastewater for numerous hours by then which most of the heavy solids would settle at the bottom of the tank. They would then form thick slurry known as sludge and also floating material such as fats, oil and grease to rise to the surface which would then be skimmed off. There are mechanical scrapers that have been designed for the tanks with the purpose of collecting the sludge at the bottom and the scum floating on the top. Both the sludge and skimmed material are generally pumped to a solid treatment process. The sedimentation process is basically mainly to produce a liquid which is able to be treated biologically by reducing the biological oxygen demand, also known as BOD of water. BOD is the quantity of oxygen that is needed by aerobic microorganisms to decompose organic matter in a sample of water. The degree of water pollution can also be measured by the BOD. (The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language) When the solids are removed at these early stages, BOD can be reduced by 30-40 percent hence, increasing the efficiency of microbial digestion at a later stage. (Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, 2010) Secondary Treatment The next stage, called the secondary treatment focuses on removing the remaining suspended and dissolved organic matter in the sewage. It is also known as the biological stage as the biodegradable organic contaminants that are dissolved would be broken down by microorganisms cultivated and added to the wastewater such as bacteria and protozoa. These microorganisms feed on the suspended and dissolved organic matter that remained from the primary clarifier. These bacteria can be categorised into aerobic or anaerobic bacteria, which is actually their need to oxygen. Generally, aerobes can degrade pollutants at a higher rate as opposed to anaerobes. (Waste Management, 2004) Numerically, the anaerobic treatment produces 0.1-0.2 kg biomass or sludge per kg BOD as opposed to the aerobic treatment which produces 0.5-1.5 kg biomass or sludge per kg BOD. (V. Jegatheesan, C. Visvanathan and R. Ben Aim, 2008) Also, some factors that increases their rate of degradation is the quantity of their food source and the temperature of the sewer. This secondary treatment can actually be carried out in numerous different methods. Anaerobic Treatment Anaerobic is defined as does not require oxygen. (MedicineNet.com) Firstly, the sewage is flown into anaerobic large tanks or ponds, therefore allowing anaerobic digestion to take place. Anaerobic digestion is when biodegradable material is broken down by the organisms without the presence of oxygen. The product of this digestion includes methane, carbon dioxide and sludge where to our advantage; methane can be used as an energy source categorising the anaerobic digestion as a renewable energy source. There is a membrane cover at the surface of the tanks/ponds which captures the methane and it is then used to generate electricity by combustion in a gas engine as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions and odour. Besides that, mixing in the anaerobic process requires less energy compared to the aeration step carried out in the aerobic process. The emission of landfill gases into the atmosphere is also reduced with this anaerobic digestion. However, larger treatment plants are needed f or the anaerobic process as they have slower reaction rates. (Guerrero F. Omil, R. Mà ©ndez and J. M. Lema , 1998) The three main steps of this process are: 1. Hydrolysis and Acidogenesis C6H12O6 Æ’Â   2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (Organic compound) (Ethanol) (Carbon Dioxide) Hydrolysis is a process where the covalent bonds are broken with the use of water. Therefore the complex organic compounds are broken down into their constituent part by enzymes. Subsequently, acidogenesis is where acidogenic bacteria produces short-chain product by converting the hydrolysis products through fermentation and other metabolic processes. 2. Acetogenesis 2C2H5OH + CO2 Æ’Â   CH4 + 2CH3COOH (Ethanol) (Carbon Dioxide) (Methane) (Acetic Acid) 2CO2 + 4H2 Æ’Â   CH3COOH + 2H2O (Carbon Dioxide) (Hydrogen) (Acetic Acid) (Water) Acetogenesis is the process where acid and alcohol are converted into acetate, hydrogen and carbonic gas by acetogens categorised into homoacetogens, syntrophes and suphoreductors. The acetic acid production process may be carried out by Clostridium acetium, Actobacter woodii and Clostridium termoautotrophicum. The products of this process vary with the type of bacteria, temperature and pH levels. 3. Methanogenesis CO2 + 4H2 Æ’Â   CH4 + 2H2O (Carbon Dioxide) (Hydrogen) (Methane) (Water) CH3COOH Æ’Â   CH4 + CO2 (Acetic Acid) (Methane) (Carbon Dioxide) The third step of this process is methanogenesis, a form of anaerobic respiration in which methanogens (microbes) that exist in deep sediments convert soluble matter into methane. The majority of the methane production is from the conversion of acetic acid and the rest comes from the reduction of Carbon Dioxide by hydrogen. In addition to above, Sulphur, sulphite and nitrate under anaerobic conditions are reduced. To produce sulphides by sulphur reduction, Sulphur Reducing Bacteria (SRB) use sulphate or sulphite as electron acceptors and organic compounds such as acetate as electron donors. This is the main reason behind the rotten egg smell that exists from wastewater as they are kept for long periods of time under these anaerobic conditions. As for Denitrification however, nitrogen gas is produced by the reduction of nitrates using the organic compounds in the wastewater by denitrifying bacteria (DB). The bacteria generally require a carbon food source as energy for the conversion of nitrogen. 6NO3- + 5CH3OH Æ’Â   3N2 + 5CO2 + 7H20 + 6OH- (Nitrate) (Methanol) (Nitrogen Gas) (Carbon Dioxide) (Water) (Hydroxide) Aerobic Treatment The next step in this secondary treatment of wastewater is the activated sludge process where atmospheric air or pure oxygen is bubbled through the sewage, combined with microorganisms to create biological flocculants which reduces the organic content of the wastewater quite significantly. This occurs because of the bacteria and protozoa feed on the remaining organic materials in the wastewater. (Guerrero F. Omil, R. Mà ©ndez and J. M. Lema , 1998) Generally, the sewage is transferred into large ponds or tanks which are called surface-aerated basins that have floating surface aerators to promote the biological oxidation of wastewaters. These floating aerators create an oxygen rich aerobic environment in the sewage by removing most of the BOD therefore encouraging the growth of the aerobic microorganisms. Furthermore, the aerators provide mixing required for dispersing the air as well as contacting the reactants namely oxygen, microbes and wastewater. In the final clarifiers, the mixing process improves the settling of the biological solids. As the biological oxidation processes are highly dependent on the temperature changes, increasing the temperature to a certain threshold increases the rate of microbial decomposition. Surface aerated vessels mainly operate at temperatures ranging from 4  °C to 32  °C. (Beychok, M.R 1971) Nitrification is a process where the dissolved ammonia is removed by oxidizing it to nitrate which occurs during the activated sludge process. As a high concentration of ammonia is toxic to marine life, they have to be removed from the wastewater via the nitrification process. Nitrification can be divided into two steps, the oxidation of ammonia into nitrate by Nitrosomomonas and the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate by Nitrobacter. As the nitrifying organisms are chemoautotrophs, they use carbon dioxide as their source of growth and for cell maintenance. 2NH3 + 2CO2 + 3 O2 + Nitrosomonas → 2NO2- + 2H2O + 2H+ (ammonia) (nitrite ion) 2NO2- + 2CO2 + O2 + Nitrobacter → 2 NO3- (nitrite ion) (nitrate) The remaining solid particles flocculate to form larger and heavier particles that settle down more easily based on the biological reaction. Then, this mixture of wastewater and solid particles are pumped into a second clarifier or sedimentation tank where the solid particles are separated from the wastewater similar to the process in the primary sedimentation tank, where the resulting sludge is referred to as the activated sludge. Activated sludge is a biological material, brown in colour consisting of mainly saprotrophic bacteria that is produced by the activated sludge process which affects the purification process. In poorly managed activated sludge, a range of mucilaginous filamentous bacteria including Sphaetotilus natans can develop. These bacteria produce sludge that does not settle easily and therefore a possibility that a sludge blanket decanting over the weirs in the sedimentation tank that will severely contaminate the final effluent quality will form. A portion of the solid is recycled back into the surface aerated basins to be re-used in the nitrification process as the microorganisms in the sludge are still active. Excess sludge which eventually accumulates beyond what is recycled is called Waste Activated Sludge and then removed from the treatment process to maintain the ratio of the biomass to food supply in the balance (F/L balance). As a whole, the aerobic process is preferred as it is more stable, reliable and a clearer process understanding. Tertiary Treatment The final stage of the wastewater treatment is the tertiary treatment. This tertiary treatment is considered the advanced treatment stage of wastewater treatment. The purpose of this stage is to raise the quality of effluent before it is discharged into the receiving environment including the ocean, rivers or lakes. Various different methods can be used to undergo this tertiary treatment, however it is been found that the most cost-effective and environmental friendly method is lagooning followed by the Ultra-Violet disinfection. The wastewater may also be treated by chlorine but high chlorine content will harm the aquatic life that receives the water. A chlorine-neutralising chemical is often added before the stream is discharged in situations where required. However, if very high quality effluent is needed, an additional step, namely the polishing process that use sand or gravel filters and wetlands is carried out as the water from the treatment process are not safe enough to be co nsumed as there is still bacteria present. Below is a picture of a UV channel used in wastewater tertiary treatment. Source : City of Idaho, 2007 The sewage is then flowed into a series of large man made lagoons which are highly aerobic following the secondary treatment. Colonisation by algae and zooplankton is often encouraged due to their aerobic nature. The algae that grow in the lagoons captures trace amounts of organic nutrients and compounds in the wastewater which are then grazed by the zooplankton. The remaining algae and plankton settle to the bottom hence binding the nutrients in the sediment. Other microorganisms which are present in the sewage assist in reducing if not removing the harmful pathogens in water. Furthermore, the sewage left in these lagoons are exposed to the ultra violet radiation from the sun coupled with the grazing zooplankton, which creates a far from ideal environment for the bacteria which results in a great reduction their quantity. Where greater intensity of UV radiation or where there is insufficient, the sewage may be transferred into ponds that generate the UV radiation with ultra violet light bulbs for further disinfection. This disinfection eliminates pathogens and cist and is very use friendly as well as operates at a low cost. How it works is that the UV radiation actually damages the genetic structure of the bacteria, viruses and other pathogens hence inhibiting them to reproduce. A key advantage is that no chemicals are added to the sewage when the UV light method is used, hence no adverse effect on organisms that later consume the water. (http://wastewater-treatment.org) Generally lagoons need large spaces to operate however they do not need as much money and time as the traditional tertiary treatment wastewater procedures. The lagoons have also been found to be an important habitat for the birds. After the lagooning process, the treated effluent is ready to be released back into the environment and regarded as safe. Below are pictures of lagoons, the first one being an aerial view and the second one a close up. Source : City of Idaho, 2007 Source : City of Idaho, 2007 Disadvantages of the process First and foremost, to operate a wastewater treatment plant, a significantly large amount of energy is needed. In most communities, they are often regarded as the largest energy consumer. As previously mentioned, energy is generated by the biogas produced onsite, however in most situations, this only accounts for approximately half the plants energy requirements. This is due to the fact that the wastewater treatment plants are consistently operating to keep up with the ever increasing inflow of sewage. This consumption of external energy, other than the one being produced in the plant leads to high operational costs and also, more importantly affects the environment if the energy is sourced from fossil fuel. As the primary focus of the wastewater treatment is to remove contaminants from water, and eventually recycled into drinking water, recent studies show that the presence of certain contaminants including hormones and synthetic material can have an adverse impact even at minimal levels on the natural biota and for some cases, humans. For even processes that remove 99% of microorganisms, the final effluent declared as safe to drink may contain about 50 000 microorganisms. (Environmental Protection Agency United States, 2002) This is a threat when the receiving water is used for activities such as swimming or shellfish harvesting which need to be carried out in an environment with as little microorganisms as possible. BOD levels also affect the environment as although they are greatly reduced throughout the whole process the levels leaving the plant in most cases are high enough to damage the quality of the receiving environment. In the preliminary treatment, the main disadvantage highlighted is the high cost of the screening due to high labour and maintenance costs, as well as high maintenance cost of the machinery. In the primary treatment, the accumulation of sludge that is disposed off onto landfills that will eventually get full and hence taking up a larger area. In the secondary treatment however, there are quite a few limitations. Firstly, in the anaerobic digestion process, the bi-product requires substantial wet biomass handling and disposal. If this waste was to be disposed of in a landfill, often they would break down anaerobically, releasing methane into the atmosphere where methane is about twenty times more potent than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas, hence significant adverse effects on the environment. (ABC News, 2008) For the aerobic digestion however, the operating costs are marginally greater due to the additional costs needed to add oxygen. Skilled manpower is also needed for the operat ion and maintenance of this process. Finally, in the tertiary treatment, the major limitation is the lagooning process which depends highly on the climate condition that affects the toxicity of municipal wastewater and effects in the receiving environment which includes dissolved oxygen content in sewage, temperature of wastewater as well as efficiency of microbial processes. Hence, the effluent produced is of different qualities. For the UV disinfection, frequent maintenance and replacements incur additional costs. Besides that, not all organisms are actually affected by the UV radiation. (http://wastewater-treatment.org) The wastewater treatment process manages to remove almost all of the organic chemicals and metals present in the wastewater, however due to environmental degradation, the contaminants should not be discharged in large quantities as the contaminants may be toxic and stay in the environment for long durations. The contaminants will accumulate in the living tissue and be passed up along the food chain. Suggested Improvements to the Process General Improvements to the Process Overall Alternative sources of energy, especially renewable energy should be explored as wastewater treatment plants generally consume large amounts of energy. The generation of energy from the produced biogas during the process is insufficient to run the plant thought it helps reduce the environment consequences and overall operational costs. A named alternative to be considered is the use of hydroelectric power. The flow of water before the final effluent is released into the receiving environment could be used to generate electricity by the use of turbines. However, the capital and maintenance costs of the plant would increase. The volume of wastewater entering the treatment plant can be reduced by reducing the pipes diameter or by a inserting a valve is important as this smaller flow of influent leads to improved treatment, longer system life and a lower chance of overflowing. Overall, the quality of effluent will be increased with the reduction of influent flow as the waste will remain in the system longer; therefore more time is provided for settling, decomposition and aeration. Unfortunately, the volume of wastewater is largely dependent on the amount of water used in the community. Therefore campaigns and awareness should be carried out to help reduce the inflow of sewage by conserving the use of water. Odour Control By their nature, processes involved in the wastewater treatment, primarily from the anaerobic digestion process generate odour. Odour is actually one of the biggest concerns of the operators of the wastewater treatment as well as the general public. One way to overcome the release of odour into the surroundings is to capture the gas resulting from the anaerobic process and treat the trapped gasses. Examples of some treatment systems include activated charcoal bed systems, chemical scrubbers (often using hypochlorite solution), a compost pile type bio-filter and UV radiation treatment. The captured air may also be treated by pumping it through soil where the odorous compounds are absorbed into the soil particles and destroyed by naturally-occurring soil bacteria. (Wastewater treatment technologies) Other methods may include the addition of ferrous chloride to the wastewater collection system to reduce the release of hydrogen sulphide gas. Ion generators may also be installed onsite to help reduce the odours. Reaction Rates Anaerobic and specific aerobic microbial processes are temperature sensitive, and generally if the temperature is reduced the rate of reactions also decreases. Therefore, the climate conditions affect the quality of the final effluent through the lagooning process and open air ponds. As the biogas produced is used to generate power usually by combustion, the heat generated from this can be used to regulate the temperature in the lagoons. This is a cost-efficient way to curb climate conditions with minimal environment impacts. When the rate of the Nitrification process increases with the use of the ringlace fixed film system, the rate of reaction also increases. Ringlace is material developed in the 1980s by the Japanese and consists of a rope like material of high surface area and chemical composition conductive to bacterial attachment and growth. This system has been proven to increase the nitrification rates by 25% when the operation temperature is less than 1 °C. Apart from being cost effective due to its minimal installation and maintenance costs, the ringlace system also positively affects the BOD reduction and hinders algae growth. (Richard, M) Activated Sludge Process For the effective removal of organic matter, the activated sludge process requires sufficient oxygen supply and thorough mixing. The rate of which the microorganisms decompose can be increased tremendously if the aeration systems in the sludge tanks design be improvised as to provide a higher input of oxygen into the sewage. A key advantage to this design improvement would be the decreased amount of ammonia discharged into the environment as final effluent. Bio-solid Processing and Disposal The sludge that accumulates from the wastewater treatment processes has to be dealt with and can be done in a number of ways. As these bio-solids are highly toxic, they require intensive treatment before it is ready for disposal. For now, the conventional means of bio-solid treatment is sufficient as in to be disposed off in landfills. However, in time to come, the space requirements to accommodate these solids are not practical. Worthless sludge can be converted into marketable bio-solids through a process called Thermal Drying. The volume and mass of the solids are greatly reduced by evaporating the majority of their water content by the thermal dryers. To assist in forming larger aggregates of solids and releasing of water, chemical coagulants are usually used. Higher temperatures produce higher quality of bio-solids that can be sold as fertilizer. The product is easily handled, stored and transported. The main advantage of this process is that it can provide extra revenue to the plant. To the environment, it reduces odours resulting from the decomposition of the sludge. (Viessman, W Jr, 2010) A picture of the final product of the thermal drying is as below: (Source : Stibbe Management, 2006) On the other hand, thermal oxidation is an efficient process that converts bio-solids into an energy source, producing carbon dioxide, water and ash. The process occurs in a fluidized bed reactor that is highly energy efficient as it can be self-sustaining without auxiliary fuel when the combustion air is preheated to high temperatures. Heated air, gas, steam, water or oil which can be converted into electricity is recovered from these reactors. The advantages of this process include its low life-cycle cost, its ability to destroy all volatile solids and pathogens, minimising odour and offsets the energy consumption of the plant. Another approach involves treatment with lime (calcium oxide), which kills pathogens due to its high alkaline content. The heat generated from this reaction also helps in producing a drier final product. The waste sludge may also be treated by a means of anaerobic digestion which is similar to the anaerobic digestion which occurs in the water treatment process. In the anaerobic digestion of bio-solids, the waste activated sludge and primary sludge are mixed together without the presence of air. The digestion takes place in two steps and involves two distinct groups of bacteria. In the first step, acid-forming bacteria convert complex organic wastes (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids) into organic fatty acids. The second step is where bacteria convert these organic acids into methane, carbon dioxide and other trace gasses. As before, the methane produced may be used to generate energy by a means of combustion. This process stabilises a majority of the organic waste in the sludge thus allowing the bio-solids to be utilised as a soil conditioner. The stabilised bio-solids contain nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which are beneficial to plant growth. Application of these bio-solids in ag riculture has lead to increased crop production. (Bio-energy from wastewater treatment) Conclusion The bioprocess involved in the steps of the wastewater treatment process namely the preliminary treatment which includes screening, grit removal the primary treatment which involves the primary sedimentation process, the secondary treatment which consists of the anaerobic and aerobic digestion and the secondary sedimentation and finally the tertiary treatment which is made up of the lagooning and the ultraviolet disinfection has been outlined in this report. The improvements as well as the key advantages were also discussed in the report. Improvements to the processes that would increase the quality of water discharged into the environment as well as the revenue of the wastewater company were focused on. Wastewater treatment is essential to ensure the preservation of our water and marine life and to the environment as a whole.

Sop Cassava Processing

|Document ID: |Standard Operating Procedures’ Title: |Print Date: | |ORIGIN-CA2 |CASSAVA PROCESSING |08/07/2012 | |Revision: |Written By: |Date Prepared: | |01 |Ayodele E. J.AJAYI, General Manager Operations |08/07/2012 | |Effective Date: |Reviewed By: |Date Reviewed: | |mm/dd/yyyy | |mm/dd/yyyy | | |Approved By: |Date Approved: | | | |mm/dd/yyyy | |Applicable Standard: None | |Company: ORIGIN Group of Companies Limited Vegefresh Foods Limited, Nigeria. | |In Africa, cassava is mostly used for human consumption in various forms ranging from boiling the fresh tuber to processing it into cassava flour. |[pic] Cassava starch in the making: freshly harvested roots roll | |along a conveyor belt at a processing plant in Brazil | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | |Cassava Starch. | | | | |Policy: It is a policy of this Company to provide Standard Operating Procedure documents that contain instructions on how to perform assigned tasks. Purpose: The purpose of this document is to ensure that routine tasks on the farm are performed safely, qualitatively and in compliance with applicable regulations. Below are some of the ways, this Standard Operating Procedure could have direct or indirect positive impact on ORIGIN Group’s Agric business performance: a) People need consistency to achieve top performance. This SOP will reduce system variation, which is the enemy of production efficiency and quality control. b) This SOP will facilitate training.Having complete step-by-step instructions helps trainers ensure that nothing is missed and provides a reference resource for trainees. c) This SOP can be an excellent reference document on how a task is done and what are the expectations from employees filling in on the jobs they do not perform on a regular basis. d) This SOP can help in conducting performance evaluations. They provide a common understanding for what needs to be done and shared expectations for how tasks are completed. e) Employees can coach and support each other if there is documentation available on exactly how various tasks must be done and everyone knows what their co-workers are supposed to be doing.This can also help generate a more cooperative team approach to getting all the daily tasks done correctly, everyday. f) This SOP encourages regular evaluation of work activity and continuous improvement in how things are done. Scope: This SOP is written for Production Managers, Lab Technician, Factory workers and Sales Distributors. The specific tasks within â€Å"Cassava Processing† are covered. This SOP does not cover the Cassava Production, Harvesting and Marketing. Responsibilities: The Production Managers, Lab Technician, Factory workers and Sales Distributors should be responsible for coordinating and implementing the Cassava Processing Factory and product sales tasks.The Production Manager is responsible for training and managing the Factory Workers, Supervisors, Lab Techs etc; Production Manager should supp ort the objectives policies of the Company and provide input to further development of SOPs. He/she would be responsible for planning, organizing, supervising and managing the activities of the entire factory and the routine maintenance of all factory equipment. Factory Workers are expected to discharge their duties efficiently and in compliance with the Standard Operating Procedures, work manual and equipment manual provided. The Standard Operating Procedures 1. 0 Cassava processing Cassava processing aims at increasing the quality and storability of cassava tubers.This enhances the ability of the farmers to develop additional products, such as baking products out of cassava flour. It further ensures reduction or total elimination of undesirable toxic constituents in cassava so that it is suitable for human consumption. A. Producing Cassava Flour and Chips: I. Using low-cyanide varieties – Freshly harvested cassava is peeled using a knife. The peeled cassava is then washed a nd sliced into smaller pieces (chips). These are then dried on a raised platform under direct sun for about 2 days or specially-made driers, until moisture content of about 8 to 10 % is reached. Properly dried chips become tough to break, but crumble into flour when hit with a hard item like a hammer.The drying process should be done continuously and the drying chips should not be exposed again to water to avoid molding. The chips may then be ground or milled into flour; dried chips store better than flour. II. Using high-cyanide varieties – Freshly uprooted cassava are peeled and sliced into smaller pieces (chips). The sliced chips are then dried in the sun for about 3 days to about 14 % moisture content. The chips are then soaked in water for 8 hours, and dried again to a moisture content of about 8 %. B. Producing Gari – Fermented cassava dough: Gari is a creamy-white or yellow dried cassava product, common in West Africa. It is prepared by peeling the outside of th e tuber skin and washed. The washed tubers are then grated using a grater.It is then packed in bags with holes to drain off the liquid and left to ferment for 1 to 5 days, depending on the preferred flavour. The fermented material is then pressed to let out the extra water leaving a cassava cake. The remaining cake is broken loose and spread on frying metal trays above a fire. The particles are fried until crisp and dry, about 10 % moisture content. The gari is then cooled, sieved and packed for sale or storage. C. Cassava Starch extraction After washing and peeling, roots are grated to release starch granules. The â€Å"starch milk† – water containing suspended granules then, separated from the pulp, after which the granules are separated from the water by sedimentation or in a centrifuge.At that point, the starch requires solar or artificial drying to remove moisture before being milled, sieved and packed. In artisanal production systems, daily starch output ranges f rom 50 to 60 kg of starch per worker, while semi-mechanized processing can yield up to 10 tonnes a day. In modern, fully mechanized starch extraction plants, daily output is as high as 150 tonnes. Cassava Processing Equipment I. Traditional cassava processing does not require sophisticated equipment. Processing cassava into gari requires equipment such as grater, presser and fryer. The traditional cassava grater is made of flattened kerosene tin or iron sheet perforated with nails and fastened onto a wooden board with handles.Grating is done by rubbing the peeled roots against the rough perforated surface of the iron sheet which tears off the peeled cassava root flesh into mash. In recent years, various attempts have been made to improve graters. Graters which are belt-driven from a static 5 HP Lister type engine have been developed and are being extensively used in Nigeria. Its capacity to grate cassava is about one ton of fresh peeled roots per hour. II. For draining excess liquid from the grated pulp the sacks containing the grated pulpy mass are slowly pressed down using a 30-ton hydraulic jack press with wooden platforms, before sieving and roasting into gari. Stones are used in traditional processing to press out the excess moisture from the grated pulp.Tied wooden frames are used for this purpose in places where stones are not available. Pans made from iron or earthen pots are used for roasting the fermented pulp. Fuel wood is the mad or source of energy for boiling, roasting, steaming and frying. Fuel wood may not be easily and cheaply obtained in the future because of rapid deforestation. III. Slight changes in the equipment used in processing can help to save fuel and lessen the discomfort, health hazard, and drudgery for the operating women. The economic success of any future commercial development of cassava processing would depend upon the adaptability of each processing stage to mechanization.However, the first step to take for improvement of cas sava technologies should be to improve or modify the simple processing equipment or systems presently used, rather than to change entirely to new, sophisticated, and expensive equipment. Storage of cassava processed products Processing, particularly drying and roasting, increases shelf life of cassava products. Good storage depends on the moisture content of the products and temperature and relative humidity of the storage environment. The moisture content of gari for safe storage is belong 12. 7%. When temperature and relative humidity are above 27 °C and 70% respectively, gari goes bad (Igbeka 1987). The type of bag used for packing also affects shelf life depending on the ability of the material to maintain safe product moisture levels.Jute and hessian bags are recommended in dry cool environments because they allow good ventilation (Igbeka 1987). When gari, dried pulp and flour are well dried and properly packed, they can be stored without loss of quality for over one year. Dr ied cassava balls (â€Å"kumkum†) can be stored for up to 2 years (Numfor end Ay 1987). â€Å"Chickwangue†, â€Å"Myondo† and â€Å"Bobolo† can be preserved for up to 1 week but they can be kept for several more days when recooked. Cassava leaves as vegetable I. Cassava shoots of 30 cm length (measured from the apex) are harvested from the plants. The hard petioles are removed and the blades and young petioles are pounded with a pestle in a mortar.A variation of this process involves blanching the leaves before pounding. The resulting pulp is then boded for about 30-60 minutes. In some countries, the first boiled water is decanted and replaced. Pepper, palm-oil and other aromatic ingredients are added. The mixture is then boiled for 30 minutes (Numfor and Ay 1987). Unlike the roots that are essentially carbohydrate, cassava leaves are a good source of protein and vitamins which can provide a valuable supplement to predominantly starchy diets. Cassava leav es are rich in protein, calcium, iron and vitamins, comparing favorably with other green vegetables generally regarded as good protein sources.The amino acid composition of cassava leaves shows that, except for methionine, the essential amino acid values in cassava exceed those of the FAO reference protein (Lancaster and Brooks 1983). II. The total essential amino acid content for cassava leaf protein is similar to that found in hen's egg and is greater than that in oat and rice grain, soybean seed, and spinach leaf (Yeoh and Chew 1976). While the vitamin content of the leaves is high, the processing techniques for preparing the leaves for consumption can lead to huge losses. For example, the prolonged boiling involved in making African soups or stews, results in considerable loss of vitamin C. III. Cassava leaves form a significant part of the diets in many countries in Africa.They are used as one of the preferred vegetables in most cassava growing countries, particularly in Zaire, Congo, Gabon, Central African Republic, Angola, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. The cassava leaves prepared as vegetable are called â€Å"sakasaka† or â€Å"pondu† in Zaire, Congo, Central African Republic and Sudan, â€Å"Kizaka† in Angola, â€Å"Mathapa† in Mozambique, â€Å"Chigwada† in Malawi, â€Å"Chombo† or â€Å"Ngwada† in Zambia, â€Å"Gweri† in Cameroon, â€Å"Kisanby† in Tanzania, â€Å"Cassada leaves† in Sierra Leone, â€Å"Banankou boulou nan† in Mali, â€Å"Mafe haako bantare† in Guinea, and â€Å"Isombe† in Rwanda. They are mostly served as a sauce which is eaten with chickwangue, fufu, and boiled cassava. Revision History: Revision |Date |Description of changes |Requested By | |01 |08/07/2012 |Initial Release | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | References: http://www. fao. org/index_en. htm http://www. fao. org/ag/agp/agpc/gcds/ [pic]The Global Cas sava Partnership, a consortium formed – under the auspices of the FAO-facilitated Global Cassava Development Strategy – by international organizations, including FAO, CIAT, IFAD and IITA, national research institutions, NGOs and private partners. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Starting a Cassava Farm – IPM Field Guide for Extensions Agents. 2008; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Disease Control in Cassava Farms. IPM Field Guide for Extension Agents; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Weed Control in Cassava Farms. 2000. IPM Field Guide for Extension Agents; In-Service Training Trust (ISTT). Cassava Production Field Guide. 2008. NRDC Campus, Lusaka, Zambia. ———————– ORIGIN Group’s SOP: Confidential and Proprietary Page 6